Quoted Quotables

I'm always in the mood for a good quote. Here, one will find a collection of some of my favorite quotes from some of the most important thinkers in history, and others that I simply find humorous, inspiring, or profound.


We believe God has raised up [Institute for Creation Research] to spearhead biblical Christianity's defense against godless and compromising dogma of evolutionary humanism. Only by showing the scientific bankruptcy of evolution, while exalting Christ and the Bible will Christians be successful in 'the pulling down of strongholds; casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ' (II Corinthians 10:4, 5).


What is, however, the absolute being if not the being for which nothing is to be presupposed and to which no object apart from itself is given and is necessary?

-- Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872)



What else is love but understanding and rejoicing in the fact that another person lives, acts, and experiences otherwise than we do…?

-- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

The infinite resignation is the last stage prior to faith, so that one who has not made this movement has not faith; for only in the infinite resignation do I become clear to myself with respect to my eternal validity, and only then can there be any question of grasping existence by virtue of faith.

-- Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)

The heart has its reasons of which reason knows nothing.

-- Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662)

For if there is a sin against life, it consists perhaps not so much in despairing of life as in hoping for another life and in eluding the implacable grandeur of this life.

-- Albert Camus (1913 - 1960)

Arguments about Scripture achieve nothing but a stomachache and a headache.

-- Tertullian (200 A.D.)

Whenever the devil harasses you, seek the company of men or drink more, or joke and talk nonsense, or do some other merry thing. Sometimes we must drink more, sport, recreate ourselves, and even sin a little to spite the devil, so that we leave him no place for troubling our consciences with trifles. We are conquered if we try too conscientiously not to sin at all. So when the devil says to you: do not drink, answer him: I will drink, and right freely, just because you tell me not to.

-- Martin Luther (1483 - 1546)

People travel to wonder at the height of mountains, at the huge waves of the sea, at the long courses of rivers, at the vast compass of the ocean, at the circular motion of the stars; and they pass by themselves without wondering.

-- St. Augustine (354 - 430)

God became human that humans might become God.

-- St. Athanasius (296-373)

The end is always like the beginning: and, therefore, as there in one end to all things, so ought we understand that there was one beginning; and as there is one end to many things, so there spring from one beginning many differences and varieties, which again, through the goodness of God, and by subjection to Christ, and through the unity of the Holy Spirit, are called to one end, which is like onto the beginning.

-- Origen (185-254)

Man acts as though he were the shaper and master of language, while in fact language remains the master of man.

-- Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)

This one thing is wisdom, to understand Logos as that which guides the world everywhere... There is a Logos that exists forever and is universal, but men fail to comprehend it. All things come about in accordance with this Logos.

-- Heracleitus (540 BC - 480 BC)

It is both necessary to say and think that being is: for to be is possible, and nothingness is not possible.

-- Parmenides (510 BCE)

It is quite evident that existence can no more be separated from the essence of God than the fact that its three angles equal two right angles can be separated from the essence of a triangle, or than the idea of a mountain can be separated from idea of a valley. Hence it is just as much of a contradiction to think of God (that is, a supremely perfect being) lacking existence (that is, lacking a perfection), as it is to think of a mountain without a valley.

-- Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

What a peculiar privilege has this little agitation of the brain which we call 'thought'.

-- David Hume (1711-1776)

A man should remind himself that an object of faith is not scientifically demonstrable, lest presuming to demonstrate what is of faith, he should produce inconclusive reasons and offer occasion for unbelievers to scoff at a faith based on such ground.

-- St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)

We do not know what we want and yet we are responsible for what we are - that is the fact.

-- Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and has been widely regarded as a bad move.

There is a theory which states that if ever anybody discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened.

-- Douglas Adams (1952-2001)

Destiny is a name often given in retrospect to choices that had dramatic consequences.

-- J.K. Rowling (1965-)

Oh, the Lovely Sounds...

What can I say? I love music! Here, I will discuss what I feel is good music and worth listening to.




Emery
The Question




About a year ago, I picked up Linkin Park’s “Meteora” album. It literally blew me away. I had heard LP’s stuff on the radio before; however, the structure and confluence of the diverse songs created a whole new appreciation within my mind for this band.

In many ways, Emery is quite similar to Linkin Park. They fuse melody-driven progressive grunge with occasional outbursts of down-and-out screaming. While this feature is quite shocking at first glance, a deeper listening opens up dimensions to the band’s message which is not immediately clear to the casual listener. Every one of Emery’s songs on The Question project is built upon entrancing melodies set on top of driving, incessant rhythms and guitars. Yet when the song is nearing apex, the enchantment is shattered by a nearly guttural screeching that commands the attention of the listener and fully grounds the song in the medium.

I love this album and band because they have captured the essence of the human existential crisis. At times, the music and melody is beautiful and inspiring. Yet within the very same moment the entire atmosphere can be shattered by a longing, desperate scream that seems to encapsulate the panic of the human condition.

As the lyrics are concerned, I will leave the verdict to other listeners. In my mind, the very nature of this album has spoken to me as a human being without even saying a word.

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Waking Ashland
Composure




I bought this CD off of walmart.com just a couple of nights ago. I first came across this band from seeing them listed on my little brother's blog. I previewed a few of their songs, and decided to go ahead and get it.

This project, Composure, is a very emo-esque offering that smacks heavily of 3EB, Foo Fighters, Dear Ephesus, etc. It is also very Keane-ish with the intentional colusion of electric guitars and keyboards, but not nearly as well-executed.

I'm not terribly impressed with Waking Ashland. They have some good songs, and the melodies are definitely above-average. I guess I am mostly disappointed with the production. The lead singer utilizes the falsetto obnoxiously often. Moreover, there are some quite poor vocal performances that could have been easily resolved with better studio work.

On the whole, I would say that Waking Ashland's Compusure is worth picking up if you're into emo, and if you can get it for under $9.

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Duncan Sheik
Self-Titled

Yes, yes, I know. Not the most recent cd possible. However, this album was one that I lost in the now infamous summer of '99. I only recently re-purchased it through walmart.com's music download service.

As most know, this is the album that bears Sheik most well-known song (by far, the best well-known...), "Barely Breathing." However, I have to say, this is not my favourite song on this project at all. In fact, I think there are at least 3 songs that far outshine this song.

I especially enjoy track 5, "Days Go By." While it not Sheik's most impressive vocal performance (there are parts where he sounds absolutely dreadful, in fact), the production of the song is incredible. It is quite simple--only an acoustic guitar and a couple of strings. Nonetheless, they blend magically to create a hypnotic, ethereal mood that is difficult to not appreciate.

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Mute Math
Reset EP




I had heard this band on the radio for about 6 months before I found out who they were. Although their single, "Control," is interesting (and probably their most played song), it is the rest of the album that truly impresses. Mute Math combines several eclectic styles of alternative rock into a delicious fusion of sound. At times jazzy, at others electric, Mute Math pulls off a sound reminiscent of Earthsuit (almost too reminiscent, such as on "Peculiar People"). Nonetheless, their sound is quite innovative and refreshing amidst the tired and repetitive sounds often found in the alt genre. It will be interesting to see what future work comes from this up-and-coming group.

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The Afters
I Wish We All Could Win




This has to be one of the most refreshing discs that I have heard in a while. The Afters pull off an extremely tight project, filled with driving guitars and addictive melodic hooks. The production is involved enough to create a sufficient diversity across the 10 tracks, yet avoids the monotonal ubiquity of Nickelback fare.

The most compelling feature of this album, however, is the dynamic that is created between the lyrics, production, and desperation of the vocals. Every song is suffused with a clearly expressed existential longing, seeking to ground itself in a final resolution of meaning.

Consider, for example, these lines from "Until the World":

I can't see outside myself
How can I love for someone else
It's hard to say I'm sorry
It's hard to say forgive me
I can't believe you're here with me
Into the future I can't see
It's hard to say forever
It's hard to say I'll never ever go

Clearly a Christian band, The Afters, nonetheless, wrestle with the inevitable struggle of the exclusivity of Christian faith and the reality of a world unreconciled to the Creator:

I wish we all could win
I wish we all could smile
I wish we all could make our mothers proud

Someday, Someday, Someday
You'll come around
Someday, Someday, Someday
Your time will come
There's nothing more that I can do
I know we all can make throught
I hope that someday you will see

Overall, the lyrics are laced with a thoughtfulness not normally expected or realized in the Christian music scene. I Wish We All Could Win does not disappoint, and is definitely my favorite album so far this year.

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Slick Shoes
Rusty





Slick Shoes
Burn Out




For the last five years, I have been in a musical holding pattern. For these many months, the standard fare of my musical decisions has been the folky melancholy of such as Duncan Shiek (the good, early stuff), Denison Witmer (the before-the-River-Bends stuff), Damien Rice, etc. As I allowed their droning, monotonal vocals and predictable 4-chord arrangements to dominate my auditory functions, a great existential yearning welled up inside of me. I craved aggression in the face of Shiek's buddhistic passivity; I longed for moxy to counter Witmer's whine; I desired the superfluous to expunge Rice's schizo-emotivation.

Enter Slick Shoes. Nothing but Punk, straight up. No whining. No poetic, lyrically hypnotizing verses. They say what they mean.

I bought both of these cd's years ago and subsequently lost them. I cried. For several months, I have once again craved the sound, so the other day I buckled down and bought them. I am not disappointed. Thank you Wal-Mart online music store for solving my existential crisis of being.

Movies in 2006

Here I will post links, commentary, and descriptions of the films that I have watched in 2006, and which I feel are worthy bothering to blog about.

Hot Shots!
1991





Hot Shots! Part Deux
1993

Have you ever had one of those long, strenuous weekends that leaves you physically and emotionally exhausted? Dr. E~D has the cure for you. Hot Shots!

I watched both Hot Shots! and Hot Shots! Part Deux on just such a weekend and I have to say, they hit the spot. In Hot Shots!, Charlie Sheen plays ace fighter-pilot Topper Harley who is plagued by the ghosts of his past. Recalled by the U.S. Navy to help a beleaguered squadron of fighters, Topper is entrusted with the mission of completing a bombing raid on Saddam Hussein’s nuclear weapons facility. In Part Deux, Harley must save U.S. troops (and their rescuers) from Saddam’s prison camps while torn between competing (and hot!) lovers.

Both movies are wonderfully parodic of movies like Top Gun and Rambo (all 17 of them). At times, the mood is terrifically serious, only to be broken by a delightful piece of slapstick. The characters are wittily superfluous and the dialogue is indomitably loquacious.

If you have a weekend where you need to simply unwind with 4 hours of senseless, unthinking slapstick, Hot Shots! and Hot Shots! Part Deux are just what the doctor ordered. As a bonus, if you watch the credits, you will receive a recipe for a delicious browning topping that whips up in about 10 minutes and will thoroughly impress the dinner guests.

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X-Men: The Last Stand
2006

For those who saw the first two installments of the now completed (and unofficial) X-Men trilogy, the release of X-Men: Last Stand was attended by great expectation. The first two movies, categorically undeniably, were excellent. There is, of course, always a fear that great disservice will be done to the comic idols of one’s youth when transferred to the silver screen. (The Batman series, for example, represents the horror of what can be done to one of the coolest comic book characters ever. Only with the latest Batman movie has justice been done to the genre.) However, the first two X-Men movies provide an excellent paradigm for what can be seriously worthwhile comic book movie-making. Thus, it was not with misplaced expectation that I confidently paid my six dollars and grabbed my seat in the theater.

Although I am pained to say it, I must confess that I was less than wowed with X-Men: Last Stand. True enough, the special effects, like the first two movies, were excellent. Moreover, there were plenty of cool fight scenes and massive amounts of destruction (which always makes for a good comic book movie...).

However, I guess what really left me cold in this movie was how quickly several of the most central characters to the series were killed off. This created a vacuum of character interest and dialogue that had to be filled by Halle Berry, something that, per Catwoman, is NEVER a good thing. We all know the reason she’s there–let’s keep it that way!

But most disappointing of all was the transformation that occurred in Logan/Wolverine. In the first two movies, Wolverine is the angry, unpredictable–and cool--loner. In Last Stand, Logan becomes soft. Not only does he cry several times, but moreover, in his interactions with some of the students of Xavier’s school, he looks an awful lot like soft, coddling gym coach. But the worst sin of all remains. As with Storm, Wolverine, in the absence of other characters, is forced to adopt a more central role in the dialogue. Unfortunately, this leads his character down the path of Han Solo in Return of the Jedi. We all remember how Han Solo, in this movie, took on the role of comic relief, incessantly cracking cheesy jokes to move the story along. Well, the exact same thing occurs in Last Stand as Wolverine is transformed from the quiet, disconnected loner to a wise-cracking soccer dad.

These criticisms aside, Last Stand is a good movie. A lot of new characters from the X-Men universe are introduced (although, given the 1 hour 44 minute time frame, not much can be done with them). As mentioned before, the special effects are great, and if you see it in a quality theater, the sound is spectacular. By itself, Last Stand would be a great movie. However, in light of the two movies that preceded, it fails to live up to expectations. If you can get into a matinee for 4 or 5 bucks, go see it. If not, just wait for it to come out on video.

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Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children
2005

There were many reasons that many of us anxiously awaited Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, the movie. First of all, there is the sheer love of the game series. Some of us love the series so much that we have gone to great lengths to personally play and complete each individual title, even enduring ones like Final Fantasy: Adventure (for the original Gameboy). Second, there is the macrocosm of Final Fantasy genre that is self-contained within Final Fantasy VII. This game offers a window into the epic grandeur that Final Fantasy engenders as a series. For those who, like I, were smitten by FFVII, the promise of not only a movie, but even more, a continuation of the plotline is nothing short of tantalizing. Third, most quasi-serious Final Fantasy fans have seen the original movie, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within. Not only breathtaking to behold, it captured the spirit of Final Fantasy without succumbing to the temptation of merely replicating a plot-line from a previous game.

For all these reasons and more, I could not wait for FFVII: Advent Children, to be released. To my wife’s chagrin, I cleared the NetFlix cue so that this one would be on top of the list on its release date. Finally, the fateful day arrived.

And so I watched it...

On one level, FFVII: Advent Children is disappointing. As mentioned above, I was amazed at the Final Fantasy movie. It was truly cinematic, combining the existential seriousness of a major drama/epic with truly spectacular and life-like animation. Advent Children is nothing of the kind. Although the animation is still eye-catching, it is intended to be nothing of the kind of The Spirits Within. Rather, it adopts the exaggerated proportions and flashiness of the game. In this way, the seriousness of the animation is to be found in the dramatic, over-the-top lines and colors of the voluminous explosions, sword flashes, etc.

In the same way, the story line is entirely different in structure and execution than The Spirits Within. Whereas The Spirits Within is very subdued, serious, and dramatic, Advent Children is light, flashy and borderline comedic in parts.

While fans of The Spirits Within might find Advent Children to be somewhat infantile and absurd in comparison, it is these differences which make Advent Children really shine. More specifically, it is the flashiness and over-the-top-ness that makes Advent Children the perfect continuation of Final Fantasy VII, the game. After all, we all remember the cheesy dialogue and the outrageous twists and turns of the plot. These return, full force, in the movie and reincarnate the spirit of the original game.

Overall, I have to highly recommend Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children. If nothing else, watch the final battle scene with Cloud and Sephiroth–it is quite memorable.

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King Kong
2005

To be perfectly honest, I am hesitant to make this the first entry on this page. What a disappointing movie! This was one movie that I was particularly looking forward to seeing. However, after 3 hours of staring in bewilderment at the non-stop onslaught of over-indulgent special effects, I seriously regretted the sacrifice of my evening.

The unfortunate thing about 3-hour movies is that one must prepare mentally and emotionally for such an undertaking. It is not for the faint of heart; moveover, it cannot be approached lightly. After all, if one is merely a casual observer, stopping and starting again, the entire project will be disjointed from the beginning. However, as one will not probably desire to actually sit again through the whole enterprise again (for one has already caught bits and peices), one will be left with a false impression of said movie.

Concerning movies like King Kong, such a distracted opinion could lead to serious misapplication of evaluation. For example, there are several very cool individual scenes (particularly the T-Rex scene...shout out to Deviant Monk). However, when taken together under the auspices of a singular, unified viewing, King Kong is sensory overload to the Nth degree, while leaving the viewer in a famine for any substantive storyline.

Now for the one-line critiques:

1. Jack Black, in the 1930's? Yeah, the very thought that he could get with Paltrow was more believable...

2. How many scenes do we really need of the beautiful girl gazing into the eyes of the monkey? C'mon!

3. Could Adrien Brody's nose have been any bigger? Watts could have crawled up in there to take a nap during their make-out scene.

4. Only 17 people died during the whole expedition? Are you serious!!! I counted at least 20 who fell off various cliffs and/or were stomped by brontos.

5. Perhaps on the extended edition they could come up with a more cliched closing line from Black...

6. Note to Ann Darrow: the next time a T-rex is chasing you through the underbrush, just stop, drop and roll. If they can't see you, the can't eat you.

7. Creepy, creepy bug scenes. Cool, but very creepy.

8. Not surprisingly, the CGI monkey pulls off the most convincing performance. Apparently, Adrien Brody was pretty much sedated for most of the time that the camera was running.

9. It took 1 freaking hour to get to the monkey! It's called "King Kong," not "King Boat!"

10. First rule of movie making: Never kill off the sound guy (loud boos and hisses emerge from the gallery...).

2006 Reading List

Here are the various books which I have read thus far in 2006, as well as brief descriptions and links to purchase them through Amazon.com.

Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology
by Paul J. Achtemeier, Joel B. Green and Marianne Meye Thompson
An in-depth survey of the various textual, historical and contextual factors which serve to shape the interpretation of the Christian New Testament. 624 pages.



Dominion and Dynasty: A Biblical Theology of the Hebrew Bible (New Studies in Biblical Theology 15)
by Steven G. Dempster
In this work, Dempster attempts to show how the twin themes of dominion and dynasty shape the theology of the Hebrew Scriptures, a theology that is linked precisely with the actual arrangement of the Hebrew Scriptures. 256 pages.


Ancient Texts For The Study Of The Hebrew Bible: A Guide To The Background Literature
by Kenton L. Sparks
An excellent and thought provoking listing and introduction to literature from the ancient world that was written before and during the same time as the literature of the Hebrew Scriptures. Extensive bibliographies and resource notations are included. 514 pages.


Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture
by David Arthur Desilva
An extensive analysis of the culture of the New Testament period through the paradigms of honor, patronage, kinship and purity with a view towards bridging ancient contexts to the present. 319 pages.



The Shadow of the Galilean
by Gerd Theissen
An attempt to provide an historical account of the scenarios and events which formed the backdrop of Jesus' life, told through the vehicle of "narrative theology." 186 pages.




Principles of the Philosophy of the Future
by Ludwig Feurbach
Written in 1843, this book represents a condensed form of Feurbach's vision of the movement and content of philosophy, a anthropologic philosopy that is free from the confines and contradictions of the "old" theology. 73 pages.




Colossians Remixed: Subverting the Empire
by Brian J. Walsh and Sylvia C. Keesmaat
A contextual study of Colossians which emphasizes the empire-subverting message underlying the text. 256 pages.




Eragon
by Christopher Paolini
The first in the "Inheritance" trilogy, Eragon is the story of Eragon, a young man
who is unknowingly the last of the mythical Dragon Riders. 528 pages.




Slaughterhouse - Five
by Kurt Vonnegut
One of the seminal works in American literature. Penetrating critique of war and human personality. 224 pages.




The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering Who Jesus Was and Is
by N.T. Wright
An historical/contextual examination of the content and cost of Jesus' message. 202 pages.




The Dante Club
by Matthew Pearl
A killer is on the loose, and he kills with remarkable congruence to the horrific
scenes from Dante's "Inferno." It is up to a group of Dante scholars to stop the murders. 400 pages.



The Debt: What America Owes Blacks
by Randall Robinson
A compelling argument for reparations. 272 pages.





The Historian: A Novel
by Elizabeth Kostova
Thrilling historical novel about a father and daughter's search for the mysterious truth about Vlad Dracula. 642 Pages




Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther
by Roland H. Bainton
Concise, yet thorough exploration of the life of the great Reformer. 302 Pages





Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of African Americans
by Gayraud S. Wilmore
Historical/theological analysis of the roots,
development and present nature and form of black
religion in America, as well as its intricate ties with black radicalism. 241 Pages


The Drama of Scripture: Finding Our Place in the Biblical Story
by Craig G. Bartholemew & Michael W. Goheen
A brief summary of the whole of Scripture,
from beginning to end, using the foil of "narrative"
to unify the biblical message. 213 Pages



Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America
by Lerone Bennett, Jr.
A penetrating, though somewhat biased
examination of the history of blacks in America
from "Before the Mayflower" to the present context. 713 pages



Discourse on Free Will
by Desiderius Erasmus
A brief explication of Erasmus' understanding
of the role of the human will in salvation.
Strikingly "Wesleyan" in tone and form, this
work prompted Martin Luther's most systematic work, The Bondage of the Will. 120 pages.

The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity
by Philip Jenkins
Well researched and powerfully insightful,
Jenkin's offering envisions the "face" of the
spread of Christianity in the new global reality. 220 pages.



The Way to Heaven: The Gospel According to John Wesley
by Steve Harper
A brief, non-technical overview of the major
themes of John Wesley's teachings. 151 pages.




Eldest
by Christopher Paolini
The second part of the "Inheritance"
trilogy, Eldest follows the continuing
adventures of Eragon as he seeks
to fulfill his destiny as a Rider. 668 pages.


The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925
by Wilson Jeremiah Moses
A well-written examination of the various
people, movements and circumstances concerning
black nationalism in the United States. 348 pages



The Theology of Martin Luther
by Paul Althaus
An exhaustive and erudite discussion and explication
of the major themes and theses of Martin Luther's
theological method. 460 pages



Across the Spectrum: Understanding Issues in Evangelical Theology
by Gregory A. Boyd & Paul R. Eddy
In this book, the authors seek to describe the various viewpoints of
18 different "hot topics" in evangelical theology today, from the issue of
interpretations of Genesis, to the debate over women in ministry.
265 pages.


Missional Church: A Vision for the Sending of the Church in North America
ed. Darrell L. Guder
While providing a penetrating analysis and critique of the institutional Church in North America, the authors conclude by offering several models and suggestions of how the Church can bethe body of Christ participating in the reign of God in the world. 268 pages


Martin Luther's Basic Theological Writings
ed. Timothy F. Lull
Collection of Martin Luther's more well-known writings, organized thematically with insightful introductory commentary. 755 pages




Martin Luther: Selections from His Writings
ed. John Dillenberger
Another collection of Martin Luther's more well-known writings. Helpfully indexed by word and Scripture reference. 503 pages




The Shaping of Things to Come: Innovation and Mission for the 21st Century Church
by Michael Frost & Alan Hirsch
An honest exploration of the status and nature of the Church in 21st-century North America, as well as a pentetrating vision for what the Church is to become to radically transform the current context. 230


The Message of the Trinity
by Brian Edgar
In this work, Edgar seeks to explore the Trinitarian references in the New Testament, noting how these relate to the life of the Church and its theological and missional imperatives. 319 pages



Christian Theology: An Introduction (2nd Edition)
by Alister E. McGrath
McGrath offers an accessible, yet comprehensive overview of the major themes and voices in the systematic exposition of Christian theology. 561 pages




The Christian Theology Reader (2nd Edition)
ed. Alister E. McGrath
A companion to Christian Theology: An Introduction, the Reader provides short selections which provide a taste of the various voices and opinions relating to the various themes discussed in the main volume. 389 pages


Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement
Gustaf Aulen
A ground-breaking and controversial exploration of what Aulen describes as the three main "models" of Atonement in historical theology. 182 pages



Brave New World
Aldous Huxley
Penetrating novel about the state of modern humanity, religion, and social organization. 177 pages